What was your favorite topic this semester? Why?
What was your least favorite?
What would you change about this class if you could?
What do you feel is your biggest accomplishment in biology this year?
My favorite topic was learning about the human organs and how they functioned. I liked understanding what's going on inside my body. I also liked how we dissected different organisms to see how their organs looked like. It was fun to have a first hand experience with the different organs.
My least favorite would be learning the multiple different cycles that occurs in our bodies to produce energy. It was tough memorizing each step of the cycle and what they produced.
If I could change something about this class it would be to have homework due more often. I am one of those students who would procrastinate until the very last minute to turn something in. If deadline are not set, I would probably not set my own deadline and wait until one is set for me.
My biggest accomplishment this year would be being able to dissect the various organisms and not be afraid to touch them. The spider, in my opinion, took me a lot of courage to look at it under the microscope since I do have a big fear of them.
Monday, June 11, 2012
Genome Entry 10
Chromosome 10
Stress
This is one chapter that every teenager in high school can relate to. In chromosome 10, a gene's purpose is to synthesize the enzyme that allows the body to convert cholesterol in cortisol, testoterone, and oestradiol. Cortisol is released when the there is stressed in the body. The brain sends out a signal and sets off a chain of different genetic triggers that causes the different genes in the body to turn on and off. This long chain of reactions can have many effect on the body including suppressing the immune system. The cortisol has a very important role in the health of a body. It affects the rate of a heart disease in an individual. Cortisol correlates to the level of stress in the human body which affects the heart health of that body. If an individual usually has a lot of stress on him or her, that person would have a higher chance of having a heart disease.
Stress
This is one chapter that every teenager in high school can relate to. In chromosome 10, a gene's purpose is to synthesize the enzyme that allows the body to convert cholesterol in cortisol, testoterone, and oestradiol. Cortisol is released when the there is stressed in the body. The brain sends out a signal and sets off a chain of different genetic triggers that causes the different genes in the body to turn on and off. This long chain of reactions can have many effect on the body including suppressing the immune system. The cortisol has a very important role in the health of a body. It affects the rate of a heart disease in an individual. Cortisol correlates to the level of stress in the human body which affects the heart health of that body. If an individual usually has a lot of stress on him or her, that person would have a higher chance of having a heart disease.
Genome Entry 9
Chromosome 9
Disease
Ridley also discusses about diseases in this chapter. He starts off with a discussion of variation in blood type. He also talks about the previous theory that the variation, like some others, was actually an effect of random genetic mutations instead of just natural selection. But on the other hand, it is also able to be linked to immunity and susceptibility to different diseases. These diseases include cholera which is linked to A and AB types and malaria which is more susceptible in O types. One example used in this chapter is malaria. Malaria occurs more in the African American population where they have a higher chance of having a gene linked to sickle-cell anemia. However they have an allete that's more resistance to malaria. There is a known link of immunity to malaria that affects the susceptability of that individual to sickle-cell disease.
Disease
Ridley also discusses about diseases in this chapter. He starts off with a discussion of variation in blood type. He also talks about the previous theory that the variation, like some others, was actually an effect of random genetic mutations instead of just natural selection. But on the other hand, it is also able to be linked to immunity and susceptibility to different diseases. These diseases include cholera which is linked to A and AB types and malaria which is more susceptible in O types. One example used in this chapter is malaria. Malaria occurs more in the African American population where they have a higher chance of having a gene linked to sickle-cell anemia. However they have an allete that's more resistance to malaria. There is a known link of immunity to malaria that affects the susceptability of that individual to sickle-cell disease.
Genome Entry 8
Chromosome 11
Personality
The chromosome 11 is used for dopamine. Dopamine helps give an individual energy. If an individual lacks in dopamine, he or she will feel lethargic and weak. However too much dopamine might be a bad thing too, it may even cause schizophrenia. A person's behavior is affected by many factors. There is over five hundred heritable genes that can affect a person's behavior. The environment the individual is in is also very important.
Personality
The chromosome 11 is used for dopamine. Dopamine helps give an individual energy. If an individual lacks in dopamine, he or she will feel lethargic and weak. However too much dopamine might be a bad thing too, it may even cause schizophrenia. A person's behavior is affected by many factors. There is over five hundred heritable genes that can affect a person's behavior. The environment the individual is in is also very important.
Invertebrates
Pick 3 invertebrates Compare them in terms of physical features and
systems. Identify at least 3 similarities and 3 differences Include
pictures and References
1. Centipedes are invertebrates because they don't have a back bone, they have many different sections to their bodies which helps them move. They are considered arthropods because they have a long flat body and numerous legs. The antenna on their heads helps them sense and feel for things to know where they are going. They are usually poisonous and prey on other insects using the pincers near their butt.
2. Snails, unlike centipedes, move at a really slow rate. Centipedes have many many legs which helps them move at a really quick speed. The have a soft body and a hard shell that protects them from preys. They leave a trail of slime that comes from their body. Similar to centipedes, they have tentacles that helps them sense what's around them just like the centipede's antennas.
3. Spiders are also invertebrates because they have no back bones. But they are no like centipedes because they have two body parts instead of many. They are called arachnids with a cephalothorax and abdomen. They have eight legs which is two more than the common bugs with six. But unlike both the snail and the centipedes, they use mandibles to sense what's around them.
Sources:
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=Qgh1_FhyDIViAM:&imgrefurl=http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/centipedemillipede012.shtml&docid=LGD11myNJS2RFM&imgurl=http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/images/CentipedeMillipede/gardncnt.jpg&w=600&h=406&ei=iYbWT6-IFeGi2gXPo_i6Dw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=336&vpy=204&dur=64&hovh=185&hovw=273&tx=159&ty=98&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=163&tbnw=264&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:157
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=5d7lcuItLYbOBM:&imgrefurl=http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/copse-snail-photo-1224.html&docid=_sJGelxOhSpg3M&imgurl=http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/others/copse-snail-25279.jpg&w=600&h=422&ei=tobWT9fGE4Oq2QXH2oTADw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=108&vpy=274&dur=1641&hovh=188&hovw=268&tx=94&ty=134&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=162&tbnw=203&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0,i:157
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=s2SSP38NGAJHVM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider&docid=FGdZDFN6y5fUhM&itg=1&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orb_weaver_black_bckgrnd03_crop.jpg/250px-Orb_weaver_black_bckgrnd03_crop.jpg&w=250&h=188&ei=7IbWT6WzNYno2QWG4vGNCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=288&vpy=232&dur=1389&hovh=150&hovw=200&tx=63&ty=101&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=150&tbnw=200&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:157
1. Centipedes are invertebrates because they don't have a back bone, they have many different sections to their bodies which helps them move. They are considered arthropods because they have a long flat body and numerous legs. The antenna on their heads helps them sense and feel for things to know where they are going. They are usually poisonous and prey on other insects using the pincers near their butt.
2. Snails, unlike centipedes, move at a really slow rate. Centipedes have many many legs which helps them move at a really quick speed. The have a soft body and a hard shell that protects them from preys. They leave a trail of slime that comes from their body. Similar to centipedes, they have tentacles that helps them sense what's around them just like the centipede's antennas.
3. Spiders are also invertebrates because they have no back bones. But they are no like centipedes because they have two body parts instead of many. They are called arachnids with a cephalothorax and abdomen. They have eight legs which is two more than the common bugs with six. But unlike both the snail and the centipedes, they use mandibles to sense what's around them.
Sources:
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=Qgh1_FhyDIViAM:&imgrefurl=http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/centipedemillipede012.shtml&docid=LGD11myNJS2RFM&imgurl=http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/images/CentipedeMillipede/gardncnt.jpg&w=600&h=406&ei=iYbWT6-IFeGi2gXPo_i6Dw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=336&vpy=204&dur=64&hovh=185&hovw=273&tx=159&ty=98&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=163&tbnw=264&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:157
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=5d7lcuItLYbOBM:&imgrefurl=http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/copse-snail-photo-1224.html&docid=_sJGelxOhSpg3M&imgurl=http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/others/copse-snail-25279.jpg&w=600&h=422&ei=tobWT9fGE4Oq2QXH2oTADw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=108&vpy=274&dur=1641&hovh=188&hovw=268&tx=94&ty=134&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=162&tbnw=203&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0,i:157
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=s2SSP38NGAJHVM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider&docid=FGdZDFN6y5fUhM&itg=1&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orb_weaver_black_bckgrnd03_crop.jpg/250px-Orb_weaver_black_bckgrnd03_crop.jpg&w=250&h=188&ei=7IbWT6WzNYno2QWG4vGNCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=288&vpy=232&dur=1389&hovh=150&hovw=200&tx=63&ty=101&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=150&tbnw=200&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:157
BOW 4 Intelligence
Why is it important to define and debate our understanding of intelligence and its origins? How does this relate to you?
Different people interpret intelligence differently. According to the book Genome, our intelligence is constantly changing. Everyone has a different, unique way of learning things. Some people are visual learners which means that they need the used of different visual aids to learn better. It's easier to them to see it being done than to just read about it. While others may have natural intelligence which means that their mind is able to connect and relate different things easily. Understanding intelligence can help us accomplish our different techniques that are unique to ourselves. We can be good at everything, but knowing that we can specialize in a particular area will allow us to focus on it and excel in that area. That is why it relates to me. I am a mathematic learner where I like to see things being done step by step. In my opinion, things are easier to understand when they are done in the proper order. But I am partially a visual learner too because the visual aids do help me grasp a concept better.
BOW 3 Starfish
The starfish is a special type of marine invertebrate. It has no brain or blood but instead have filtered sea water flow through its body. Although most people commonly know starfishes to have 5 arms, it is possible for them to have up to forty arms. The starfishes with the five arms are the most common one though.
The name starfish could be misleading because it is not actually a fish. It is, in reality, an echinoderm. Starfishes are very similar to sea urchins and sand dollars. Some scientists have also began to call it a sea star instead of a starfish.
With over two thousand species of starfishes around the world, they have a wide variety of differences. They can live in hot and cold climate. Their unique skin is able to protect them from different predators because it has a tough cover.
Starfishes only have one hole which serves as both it's butt and it's mouth. It consumes preys through that hole and releases waste through the same hole. The use their suction cups in their arms to pry open different shelled fish like clams and oysters.
Sources:
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=Cwaua9wxUI8o0M:&imgrefurl=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/starfish/&docid=gvXbhIu3ZZ-2WM&imgurl=http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/007/cache/star-fish_723_600x450.jpg&w=600&h=450&ei=IH_WT8WGIIqM2gXXyZWWDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=117&vpy=201&dur=971&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=171&ty=112&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=166&tbnw=213&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:141
http://www.google.com/imgres?num=10&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=0_dbmbiE_wzO5M:&imgrefurl=http://morquecho-samantha.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-13-compare-circulation-of.html&docid=hKeEEuyr_aIQvM&imgurl=https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0xfouTd4mA6y2mbvAPDr4teOQxmANwEXHdp2kSiPlSh0jRVn5CozH8soIkj6Gq2B0nK9C8IAKJRDw_ZTvnMcHIGQgLISPNFCj-uwvrzglkETutk5_ktr2PQ7icWHGXNiuxbLxQUMpS6o/s1600/I10-82-starfish.jpg&w=650&h=423&ei=WH_WT4yoJYmy2QXLyomCDw&zoom=1
http://www.google.com/imgres?num=10&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=JY0yrt7quCBw6M:&imgrefurl=http://animalplanet.wikispaces.com/Gabby%2B%2526%2BEmily%27s%2BInvertebrate%2BReflection%2Band%2BAnalysis&docid=dRms6St9pD5XsM&imgurl=http://animalplanet.wikispaces.com/file/view/water_vascular_system.jpg/53377906/water_vascular_system.jpg&w=400&h=275&ei=WH_WT4yoJYmy2QXLyomCDw&zoom=1
The name starfish could be misleading because it is not actually a fish. It is, in reality, an echinoderm. Starfishes are very similar to sea urchins and sand dollars. Some scientists have also began to call it a sea star instead of a starfish.
With over two thousand species of starfishes around the world, they have a wide variety of differences. They can live in hot and cold climate. Their unique skin is able to protect them from different predators because it has a tough cover.
Starfishes only have one hole which serves as both it's butt and it's mouth. It consumes preys through that hole and releases waste through the same hole. The use their suction cups in their arms to pry open different shelled fish like clams and oysters.
Sources:
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=Cwaua9wxUI8o0M:&imgrefurl=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/starfish/&docid=gvXbhIu3ZZ-2WM&imgurl=http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/007/cache/star-fish_723_600x450.jpg&w=600&h=450&ei=IH_WT8WGIIqM2gXXyZWWDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=117&vpy=201&dur=971&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=171&ty=112&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=166&tbnw=213&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:141
http://www.google.com/imgres?num=10&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=0_dbmbiE_wzO5M:&imgrefurl=http://morquecho-samantha.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-13-compare-circulation-of.html&docid=hKeEEuyr_aIQvM&imgurl=https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0xfouTd4mA6y2mbvAPDr4teOQxmANwEXHdp2kSiPlSh0jRVn5CozH8soIkj6Gq2B0nK9C8IAKJRDw_ZTvnMcHIGQgLISPNFCj-uwvrzglkETutk5_ktr2PQ7icWHGXNiuxbLxQUMpS6o/s1600/I10-82-starfish.jpg&w=650&h=423&ei=WH_WT4yoJYmy2QXLyomCDw&zoom=1
http://www.google.com/imgres?num=10&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=JY0yrt7quCBw6M:&imgrefurl=http://animalplanet.wikispaces.com/Gabby%2B%2526%2BEmily%27s%2BInvertebrate%2BReflection%2Band%2BAnalysis&docid=dRms6St9pD5XsM&imgurl=http://animalplanet.wikispaces.com/file/view/water_vascular_system.jpg/53377906/water_vascular_system.jpg&w=400&h=275&ei=WH_WT4yoJYmy2QXLyomCDw&zoom=1
BOW Nephrons
The kidneys are a vital organ to humans. Kidneys are also sometimes referred to as nephrons. They come in a pair and they are about the size of your fist. They're bean-shaped and are located in your lower back area. The kidneys are so important that if anything is wrong with them, the individual may develop a serious health problem.
The kidneys are used to filter about twenty percent of all the blood that runs through our body. They regulated the composition of our blood. Through the kidney, our blood gets filtered of the water and the other chemicals in it to keep it in a balanced level. It is also responsible for removing the wastes that can be found in our blood. Some other tasks of the kidney involves creating red blood cells and producing urine and maintaining the body's calcium levels.
The nephrons in the kidney eliminates wastes from the individual while also being able to regulate the blood volume and control blood pressure. Humans need their kidneys in order to survive. If one kidney fails, the other one will be sufficient to keep the individual alive. An average human kidney is able to have up to 1.5 million nephrons.
Sources:
ahttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=nWfRSQ06uoX6kM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron&docid=ZsbXNoFLTHB9yM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gray1128.png/290px-Gray1128.png&w=290&h=289&ei=RVPWT6PHJcW42wX-6KGcDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=110&vpy=186&dur=90&hovh=224&hovw=225&tx=102&ty=145&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=165&tbnw=164&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:141
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=nWfRSQ06uoX6kM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron&docid=ZsbXNoFLTHB9yM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gray1128.png/290px-Gray1128.png&w=290&h=289&ei=RVPWT6PHJcW42wX-6KGcDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=110&vpy=186&dur=90&hovh=224&hovw=225&tx=102&ty=145&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=165&tbnw=164&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:141
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=qC_pDkpiDq8E7M:&imgrefurl=http://www.unckidneycenter.org/kidneyhealthlibrary/glomerulardisease.html&docid=t3Cy7uCrpRVBIM&imgurl=http://www.unckidneycenter.org/images/glomerulus.jpg&w=448&h=299&ei=RVPWT6PHJcW42wX-6KGcDw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=508&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=144&tbnw=216&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:144&tx=10&ty=42
The kidneys are used to filter about twenty percent of all the blood that runs through our body. They regulated the composition of our blood. Through the kidney, our blood gets filtered of the water and the other chemicals in it to keep it in a balanced level. It is also responsible for removing the wastes that can be found in our blood. Some other tasks of the kidney involves creating red blood cells and producing urine and maintaining the body's calcium levels.
The nephrons in the kidney eliminates wastes from the individual while also being able to regulate the blood volume and control blood pressure. Humans need their kidneys in order to survive. If one kidney fails, the other one will be sufficient to keep the individual alive. An average human kidney is able to have up to 1.5 million nephrons.
Sources:
ahttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=nWfRSQ06uoX6kM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron&docid=ZsbXNoFLTHB9yM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gray1128.png/290px-Gray1128.png&w=290&h=289&ei=RVPWT6PHJcW42wX-6KGcDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=110&vpy=186&dur=90&hovh=224&hovw=225&tx=102&ty=145&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=165&tbnw=164&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:141
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=nWfRSQ06uoX6kM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron&docid=ZsbXNoFLTHB9yM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gray1128.png/290px-Gray1128.png&w=290&h=289&ei=RVPWT6PHJcW42wX-6KGcDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=110&vpy=186&dur=90&hovh=224&hovw=225&tx=102&ty=145&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=165&tbnw=164&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:141
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=qC_pDkpiDq8E7M:&imgrefurl=http://www.unckidneycenter.org/kidneyhealthlibrary/glomerulardisease.html&docid=t3Cy7uCrpRVBIM&imgurl=http://www.unckidneycenter.org/images/glomerulus.jpg&w=448&h=299&ei=RVPWT6PHJcW42wX-6KGcDw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=508&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=144&tbnw=216&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:144&tx=10&ty=42
BOW Double Fertilization
Double fertilization occurs in flowering plants. These flowering plants are also called angiosperms. The double fertilization process involves the joining of a female gametophyte with two male gametes. The male gametes are also known as sperm. This process begins with a pollen grain which sticks to the stigma of the carpel. The carpel is the female reproductive structure of a flower. Moisture adds to this process and helps the pollen grain germinated. Later this forms a pollen tube that stretches down toward the ovary through the style. The micropyle opening in the ovule is penetrated by the tipe of the pollen tube. It now is able to enter the ovary. The pollen tube can now let the two sperms go in to the megagametophyte. While the egg is being fertilized by one sperm, another sperm is used to combine the two polar nuclei of the central cell of the megagametophyte. The haploid sperm cell combines with the haploid egg to create a diploid zygote. The polar nuclei that contributes to the endosperm comes from mitosis from the same meiotic product that created the egg.
Sources:
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=tblaFAyl05UxnM:&imgrefurl=http://ankerz-bangetz.blogspot.com/&docid=yDS_aVpfvEqQSM&imgurl=https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCy8vlbR-DTiF2X52W7rGvLkhH24a7-QKX7kLd_DCy7quHrwURGNf7unrvk4hHfZp8b_4s-OPGmQcdLIAvhXkEe3s0pLGL_ez6prnlHYGdt7zW3KBKlnCzy1zPdSYFlgO6MOk9qWfdGiH7/s400/pembuahan%252Bganda.jpg&w=400&h=286&ei=CVDWT8f3OKfM2gWwtNGnDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=252&vpy=272&dur=1475&hovh=190&hovw=266&tx=163&ty=106&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=141&tbnw=197&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0,i:111
Sources:
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=575&tbm=isch&tbnid=tblaFAyl05UxnM:&imgrefurl=http://ankerz-bangetz.blogspot.com/&docid=yDS_aVpfvEqQSM&imgurl=https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCy8vlbR-DTiF2X52W7rGvLkhH24a7-QKX7kLd_DCy7quHrwURGNf7unrvk4hHfZp8b_4s-OPGmQcdLIAvhXkEe3s0pLGL_ez6prnlHYGdt7zW3KBKlnCzy1zPdSYFlgO6MOk9qWfdGiH7/s400/pembuahan%252Bganda.jpg&w=400&h=286&ei=CVDWT8f3OKfM2gWwtNGnDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=252&vpy=272&dur=1475&hovh=190&hovw=266&tx=163&ty=106&sig=114823444161963020132&page=1&tbnh=141&tbnw=197&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0,i:111
Sunday, June 10, 2012
Genome Entry 7
Chromosome 10
Stress
This is one chapter that every teenager in high school can relate to. In chromosome 10, a gene's purpose is to synthesize the enzyme that allows the body to convert cholesterol in cortisol, testoterone, and oestradiol. Cortisol is released when the there is stressed in the body. The brain sends out a signal and sets off a chain of different genetic triggers that causes the different genes in the body to turn on and off. This long chain of reactions can have many effect on the body including suppressing the immune system. The cortisol has a very important role in the health of a body. It affects the rate of a heart disease in an individual. Cortisol correlates to the level of stress in the human body which affects the heart health of that body. If an individual usually has a lot of stress on him or her, that person would have a higher chance of having a heart disease.
Stress
This is one chapter that every teenager in high school can relate to. In chromosome 10, a gene's purpose is to synthesize the enzyme that allows the body to convert cholesterol in cortisol, testoterone, and oestradiol. Cortisol is released when the there is stressed in the body. The brain sends out a signal and sets off a chain of different genetic triggers that causes the different genes in the body to turn on and off. This long chain of reactions can have many effect on the body including suppressing the immune system. The cortisol has a very important role in the health of a body. It affects the rate of a heart disease in an individual. Cortisol correlates to the level of stress in the human body which affects the heart health of that body. If an individual usually has a lot of stress on him or her, that person would have a higher chance of having a heart disease.
Genome Entry 6
Chromosome 9
Disease
Ridley also discusses about diseases in this chapter. He starts off with a discussion of variation in blood type. He also talks about the previous theory that the variation, like some others, was actually an effect of random genetic mutations instead of just natural selection. But on the other hand, it is also able to be linked to immunity and susceptibility to different diseases. These diseases include cholera which is linked to A and AB types and malaria which is more susceptible in O types. One example used in this chapter is malaria. Malaria occurs more in the African American population where they have a higher chance of having a gene linked to sickle-cell anemia. However they have an allete that's more resistance to malaria. There is a known link of immunity to malaria that affects the susceptability of that individual to sickle-cell disease.
Disease
Ridley also discusses about diseases in this chapter. He starts off with a discussion of variation in blood type. He also talks about the previous theory that the variation, like some others, was actually an effect of random genetic mutations instead of just natural selection. But on the other hand, it is also able to be linked to immunity and susceptibility to different diseases. These diseases include cholera which is linked to A and AB types and malaria which is more susceptible in O types. One example used in this chapter is malaria. Malaria occurs more in the African American population where they have a higher chance of having a gene linked to sickle-cell anemia. However they have an allete that's more resistance to malaria. There is a known link of immunity to malaria that affects the susceptability of that individual to sickle-cell disease.
Genome Entry 5
Chromosomes X and Y
Conflict
The conflict that Ridley discusses is that each of the X and Y chromosomes are only attracting genes that are beneficial to that sex. This means the X chromosome is more likely to get more feminine genes and genes that are more helpful to the female reproductive system. The Y chromosome, on the other hand, recieves the masculine genes which attracts genes for large muscles and less body fat. The Y chromosome is outnumbered three to one by the X chromosomes. It has to fight extra hard to compete with them. The conflict between the genese from seduction and the genes that is used fro resistance is what keeps the molecular biology of sex in balance. These constant battles between genes and the balance that results is the reason why individuals compete with each other through continually advancing forms of seduction and resistance.
Conflict
The conflict that Ridley discusses is that each of the X and Y chromosomes are only attracting genes that are beneficial to that sex. This means the X chromosome is more likely to get more feminine genes and genes that are more helpful to the female reproductive system. The Y chromosome, on the other hand, recieves the masculine genes which attracts genes for large muscles and less body fat. The Y chromosome is outnumbered three to one by the X chromosomes. It has to fight extra hard to compete with them. The conflict between the genese from seduction and the genes that is used fro resistance is what keeps the molecular biology of sex in balance. These constant battles between genes and the balance that results is the reason why individuals compete with each other through continually advancing forms of seduction and resistance.
Genome Entry 4
Chromosome 7
Instinct
Chromosome 7 holds a link to a disorder called Specific Language Impairment (SLI). It is almost one hundred percent inheritable. It impedes the individual from learning grammar rules but not neccessarily from the act of speaking. Children are able to learn how to speak with proper grammar even without having to learn the rules first. This is because they have this innate learning ability in them. But the individuals with SLI have a hard time comprehending grammar rules and using words in different tenses. They lack an internalized grammar which can be compared to adults trying to learn a different language.
Chromosome 8
Self-Interest
Genetic information are categorized in different sections. They are in sections called exons with intermiettent random sections called introns. There are protein in the human body that have no use at all. For example, reverse transcriptase is one that only has the purpose to fuel for AIDS. This gene and several others only exist because they are good at replicating themselves. Humans are able to suppress these genes through methylation.
Instinct
Chromosome 7 holds a link to a disorder called Specific Language Impairment (SLI). It is almost one hundred percent inheritable. It impedes the individual from learning grammar rules but not neccessarily from the act of speaking. Children are able to learn how to speak with proper grammar even without having to learn the rules first. This is because they have this innate learning ability in them. But the individuals with SLI have a hard time comprehending grammar rules and using words in different tenses. They lack an internalized grammar which can be compared to adults trying to learn a different language.
Chromosome 8
Self-Interest
Genetic information are categorized in different sections. They are in sections called exons with intermiettent random sections called introns. There are protein in the human body that have no use at all. For example, reverse transcriptase is one that only has the purpose to fuel for AIDS. This gene and several others only exist because they are good at replicating themselves. Humans are able to suppress these genes through methylation.
Genome Entry 3
Chromosome 5
Environment
Ridley begins by exploring the world of genetics. He says that it is not just black and white as people may come to think of it but there are also many details in between that people are missing. Genetic inheritance is affected by many factors. These factors include the principles of pleiotropy, pluralism, and the environment. These all affect the individual significantly.
Chromosome 6
Intelligence
He also talks about a study done on the genes of children with high IQ numbers. They noticed that there was a difference in the gene IGF2R on the chromosome 6. He later discovered that the intelligence genes cannot be only considered by themselves, but also all the other factors that affect it like the environental stimulation that is required for it to function. Through other studies, Ridley noticed that there is heritability to intelligence and personality.
Environment
Ridley begins by exploring the world of genetics. He says that it is not just black and white as people may come to think of it but there are also many details in between that people are missing. Genetic inheritance is affected by many factors. These factors include the principles of pleiotropy, pluralism, and the environment. These all affect the individual significantly.
Chromosome 6
Intelligence
He also talks about a study done on the genes of children with high IQ numbers. They noticed that there was a difference in the gene IGF2R on the chromosome 6. He later discovered that the intelligence genes cannot be only considered by themselves, but also all the other factors that affect it like the environental stimulation that is required for it to function. Through other studies, Ridley noticed that there is heritability to intelligence and personality.
Genome Entry 2
Chromosome 3
History
Ridley brings up Dr. Archibald Garrold, a historical figure, who published the inborn errors of metabolism. He was working with a disease called alkaptonuria and made some insightful discoveries. He later published his eerily accurate hypothesis in the inborn errors of metabolism in 1902. In this, he predicted that the inborn erros of metabolism were caused by genetic mutations. He first assumed that each gene only was able to make one chemical catalyst and he called the mutations a loss or malfunction of an enzyme. He also discovered that the proteins managed nearly all the functions in a human body. Most of the readers of his book missed his point, including Mendel and Darwin. They both produced different theories which were eventually combined into one in 1918. Finally, discoveries later on showed that genes were the foundation for proteins after much study of mutations.
History
Ridley brings up Dr. Archibald Garrold, a historical figure, who published the inborn errors of metabolism. He was working with a disease called alkaptonuria and made some insightful discoveries. He later published his eerily accurate hypothesis in the inborn errors of metabolism in 1902. In this, he predicted that the inborn erros of metabolism were caused by genetic mutations. He first assumed that each gene only was able to make one chemical catalyst and he called the mutations a loss or malfunction of an enzyme. He also discovered that the proteins managed nearly all the functions in a human body. Most of the readers of his book missed his point, including Mendel and Darwin. They both produced different theories which were eventually combined into one in 1918. Finally, discoveries later on showed that genes were the foundation for proteins after much study of mutations.
Genome Entry 1
CHAPTER 1
Chromosome 1
Life Ridley talks about the DNA and RNA. He refers to Genesis and compares the beginning of the world to the beginning of the word. The word represents RNA. RNA is distinguishable different from DNA. He also compares DNA to written languages. He says that it is written in a line where it must be read from side to side. It cannot be read from top to bottom only from either left to right or right to left. He also says that DNA is like the alphabet and although it only has 22 letters, the letters still all represents something. RNA came before DNA and it is more chemically active compared to DNA. However, compared to DNA, it is also more unstable because it is only one strand, unlike DNA which is two strands that complete each other. DNA, compared to RNA, is faster, more reliable, and more accurate which is why organism now have DNA instead of just RNA.
Chromosome 1
Life Ridley talks about the DNA and RNA. He refers to Genesis and compares the beginning of the world to the beginning of the word. The word represents RNA. RNA is distinguishable different from DNA. He also compares DNA to written languages. He says that it is written in a line where it must be read from side to side. It cannot be read from top to bottom only from either left to right or right to left. He also says that DNA is like the alphabet and although it only has 22 letters, the letters still all represents something. RNA came before DNA and it is more chemically active compared to DNA. However, compared to DNA, it is also more unstable because it is only one strand, unlike DNA which is two strands that complete each other. DNA, compared to RNA, is faster, more reliable, and more accurate which is why organism now have DNA instead of just RNA.
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