1. natural selection - The finches on the island change and adapt to their environment. They also follow Darwin's survival of the fittest where the finch who is the most adaptable to the new environment survive and reproduce while those who lack features needed for their survival slowly die away.
2. separation - When the finches at the Galapagos island are separated from the finches elsewhere in the world, they adapt to that environment and change into a whole new version of the finch. Different finches living in different areas of the world adapt to their environment. When they adapt to it, the pass it on to their offsprings and after several generation, a noticeable difference will show in the two sets of birds.
3. adaptation - This tied in with the previous two key ideas. Adaptation is vital to the survival of the finches, they had no where else to go but the island. Being isolated from the society, they must learn how to adapt to survive or die. Some of the finches adapted to eating fruits for survival which changed their beak size to a larger beak so it's easier to break open fruits and eat them. Some of the finches adapted to eating bugs so they had a narrower, longer beak to be able to capture the critters with ease. Their beaks were one of the main adaptations they made after separation and natural selection hence the name of the book Beak of the Finch.
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